Routine colonoscopy
Although it is a powerful tool for detecting colon cancer, its benefits begin to diminish after age 70-75 , especially if there is no personal or family history of cancer.
Risks: Intestinal perforation, bleeding, and complications from anesthesia.

Alternative: If previous tests were normal, a medical check-up is sufficient, and if necessary, a less invasive fecal occult blood test.

Unnecessary annual mammograms
Mammograms are vital for young and middle-aged women, but after age 70, if there is no history of cancer or visible symptoms, their usefulness decreases .
Risks: False positives, unnecessary biopsies, anxiety, and overtreatment.

Alternative: Self-examination, clinical check-up and mammograms only if there are symptoms or relevant history .

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
Widely used to detect prostate cancer in men, but in men over 70, PSA testing can lead to overdiagnosis of slow-growing cancers that would not cause harm during their lifetime.
Risks: Unnecessary surgeries, erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, and stress.

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Alternative: Only recommended if there are worrying urinary symptoms or a strong family history.

MRIs or CT scans for common pains
It’s normal to experience muscle or joint pain with age. However, having an MRI or CT scan for every ache or pain can lead to irrelevant findings (“incidental findings”) that result in further unnecessary tests or surgeries.
Risks: Radiation, anxiety, and avoidable medical expenses.
Cardiovascular screening tests if there are no symptoms
Electrocardiograms, stress tests, or angiographies are not always necessary in older adults without cardiac symptoms .

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